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內容摘要
本書是一本關于人工智能的通識讀本，在參考了許多較新的同類書籍和文獻資料的基礎上，簡要回顧了人工智能的歷史發展，概括性地介紹了人工智能的基本原理，重點分述了人工智能的應用領域。本書共分十二章：第一章介紹人工智能的起源；第二章介紹人工智能的基本概念、核心技術和技術方向，如專家系統、機器學習、自然語言處理等和圖像、視頻技術等；第三至十一章依次介紹了人工智能在各領域的應用，包括智能制造、商業服務、生物技術、自動駕駛、金融科技、醫療、教育、娛樂生活及家居；第十二章介紹人工智能倫理規范方面的內容。人工智能的浪潮席卷全球，本書將帶領讀者走近人工智能的世界，了解未來社會即將面臨的變化。
本書適合作為職業教育人工智能通識課程的教材。
目錄
第一章 人工智能的起源與簡史 ·································································· 1
一、朦朧時期：人工智能技術溯源 ························································· 2
（一）漫長歷史萌芽 ······································································· 2
（二）形式邏輯推理 ······································································· 3
（三）計算機的出現 ······································································· 4
（四）大話人工智能 ······································································· 6
二、概念形成：人工智能的早期發展 ······················································ 6
（一）人工智能標準的提出 ······························································ 7
（二）人工智能術語的確定 ······························································ 8
（三）人工智能的黃金時期 ·····························································10
三、此起彼伏：人工智能的徘徊期 ························································11
（一）AI 的第一次低谷期 ·······························································11
（二）專家系統的開發浪潮 ·····························································12
（三）AI 的第二次低谷期 ·······························································13
（四）人工神經網絡的復興 ·····························································14
四、時代召喚：人工智能的廣泛應用 ·····················································15
（一）AI 采用科學方法 ··································································16
（二）人機大賽AI 獲勝 ·································································17
（三）谷歌公司的其他AI 產品 ························································18
（四）開放平臺百度大腦 ································································19
（五）其他AI 產品 ·······································································21
第二章 人工智能概述 ·············································································25
一、內涵外延：人工智能的基本概念 ·····················································25
（一）人工智能的定義 ···································································25
（二）人工智能的分類與學派 ··························································27
（三）人工智能的三個層次 ·····························································29
（四）人工智能的未來趨勢 ·····························································31
二、三大支撐：人工智能的核心技術 ·····················································33
（一）人工智能的“芯片” ······························································33
（二）人工智能的“算法” ······························································36
（三）人工智能的“數據” ······························································38
三、技術方向：人工智能的技術方向 ·····················································40
（一）機器學習與深度學習 ·····························································40
（二）專家系統與知識工程 ·····························································43
（三）語音、語言處理技術 ·····························································45
（四）圖像處理和圖像融合 ·····························································48
（五）機器視覺和視頻分析 ·····························································51
四、智慧體現：智能機器人 ·································································54
（一）機器人的由來 ······································································54
（二）智能機器人的出現 ································································56
（三）智能機器人的關鍵技術 ··························································57
（四）智能機器人的應用 ································································60
（五）智能機器人的未來 ································································63
第三章 人工智能技術應用之一--智能制造 ················································65
一、歷史由來：智能制造的前世今生 ·····················································66
（一）何謂制造？ ·········································································66
（二）“工業4.0”的由來 ································································67
（三）智能制造的內涵與要素 ··························································68
二、人工智能與智能制造：智能制造的賦能技術 ······································71
（一）云計算 ···············································································72
（二）物聯網 ···············································································73
（三）大數據 ···············································································73
（四）移動互聯 ············································································73
（五）高檔數控裝備 ······································································73
（六）增材制造 ············································································73
（七）虛擬制造 ············································································75
三、關注當下：人工智能在智能制造中的應用場景 ···································75
（一）智能工廠 ············································································76
（二）個性化定制 ·········································································78
（三）人機協作 ············································································81
（四）設備診斷和預警 ···································································82
四、展望未來：智能制造的現狀、問題與趨勢 ·········································83
（一）現狀：我國智能制造產業發展報告 ···········································83
（二）問題：智能制造落地存在的困難 ··············································84
（三）趨勢：人機融合協同制造 ·······················································85
第四章 人工智能技術應用之二--商業服務 ················································87
一、歷史由來：商業的前世今生 ···························································89
（一）商業的由來 ·········································································89
（二）商業的社會價值 ···································································89
（三）零售業的發展演進 ································································89
二、關注當下：人工智能在商業中的應用場景 ·········································91
（一）精準顧客畫像下的精準營銷 ····················································91
（二）個性化的商品智能推薦 ··························································92
（三）智能門店管理 ······································································92
（四）智能化供應鏈管理 ································································94
三、展望未來：人工智能在商業中應用的問題與瓶頸 ································95
（一）存在的問題 ·········································································95
（二）應用瓶頸 ············································································97
（三）發展趨勢 ············································································98
第五章 人工智能技術應用之三--生物技術 ················································99
一、理清思緒：關于人工智能和生物技術不能不說的那些事 ····················· 100
（一）不解之緣 ·········································································· 100
（二）探究生物技術 ···································································· 102
（三）生物技術發展歷程 ······························································ 103
（四）生物科學與人體結構 ··························································· 105
（五）人工智能用于生物技術的必然性 ············································ 107
二、無處不在：改變生活的生物技術 ··················································· 109
（一）舌尖上的生物技術 ······························································ 110
（二）拯救生命的生物技術 ··························································· 111
（三）緩解能源危機的生物技術 ····················································· 114
（四）穿在身上的生物技術 ··························································· 114
（五）永葆青春的生物技術 ··························································· 115
三、關注當下：人工智能在生物技術中的應用場景 ································· 116
（一）基因測序 ·········································································· 116
（二）藥物研發 ·········································································· 117
（三）生物“智”造 ···································································· 118
（四）生物過程控制 ···································································· 120
（五）人造生命 ·········································································· 120
四、展望未來：人類從“智人”進化到了“神人”么？ ··························· 122
（一）全新的“造物時代” ···························································· 122
（二）未來的生命科學與生物技術暢想 ············································ 122
第六章 人工智能技術應用之四--自動駕駛 ·············································· 127
一、歷史由來：自動駕駛的前世今生 ··················································· 128
（一）自動駕駛的起源（2004 年以前） ············································· 128
（二）自動駕駛的孕育（2004 年-2009 年） ······································ 130
（三）自動駕駛的成長（2010 年-2015 年） ······································ 131
（四）自動駕駛的春天（2016 年-2021 年） ······································ 133
二、人工智能與自動駕駛：全新認識自動駕駛 ······································· 137
（一）自動駕駛汽車的構成和類型 ·················································· 138
（二）自動駕駛汽車的原理與系統 ·················································· 142
（三）自動駕駛汽車的優勢和挑戰 ·················································· 145
三、關注當下：人工智能在自動駕駛中的應用場景 ································· 148
（一）自動駕駛卡車 ···································································· 150
（二）自動駕駛出租車 ································································· 150
（三）智能公交大巴 ···································································· 150
（四）百度無人駕駛汽車 ······························································ 151
四、展望未來：自動駕駛的發展趨勢構想 ············································· 153
（一）互聯空間 ·········································································· 154
（二）遠程控制 ·········································································· 155
（三）智慧道路 ·········································································· 155
（四）智能交通 ·········································································· 156
（五）智能出行 ·········································································· 157
第七章 人工智能技術應用之五--金融科技 ·············································· 162
一、金融科技--金融行業變局的決定性變量 ······································· 163
二、金融科技1.0 階段：金融+ IT ······················································· 165
（一）計算機的使用提高了金融機構的基本賬務處理能力 ···················· 165
（二）ATM 的使用解決了銀行前臺服務難題 ····································· 166
（三）POS 機的使用便利了客戶的交易支付 ······································ 166
三、金融科技2.0 階段：金融+ 互聯網 ················································· 167
（一）互聯網金融概況 ································································· 167
（二）互聯網銀行 ······································································· 168
（三）互聯網證券 ······································································· 169
（四）互聯網保險 ······································································· 170
（五）互聯網創新金融 ································································· 171
四、金融科技3.0 階段：金融+ 人工智能 ·············································· 174
（一）量化交易--金融自動化交易的開端 ······································ 174
（二）天造地設--金融碰上人工智能 ············································ 177
（三）金融人工智能應用場景舉例 ·················································· 179
（四）金融人工智能典型應用場景--智能投顧 ································ 181
五、人工智能技術對金融業的影響 ······················································ 183
（一）強化了對金融科技跨界人才的需求 ········································· 183
（二）促進無現金社會的早日到來 ·················································· 183
（三）金融機構進一步強化數據處理能力 ········································· 184
（四）金融機構的“無人化” ························································· 184
（五）金融監管的手段更加完備 ····················································· 185
（六）金融人工智能也有消極作用 ·················································· 185
第八章 人工智能技術應用之六--醫療 ···················································· 188
一、歷史由來：人工智能與醫療的發展史你了解多少？ ··························· 188
（一）醫學的發展歷程 ································································· 188
（二）人工智能與醫療的前世今生 ·················································· 189
（三）人工智能醫療如何在國內生根發芽 ········································· 189
二、人工智能與醫療：顛覆傳統的AI 醫療 ············································ 191
（一）顛覆傳統醫藥生產制造行業 ·················································· 191
（二）顛覆傳統醫院診治模式 ························································ 192
（三）顛覆傳統的醫生診治方式 ····················································· 192
（四）顛覆病人治療效果與診療體驗 ··············································· 193
三、關注當下：人工智能在醫療領域的應用場景 ···································· 193
（一）醫療助手：醫生護士的“新同事” ·········································· 193
（二）醫學影像：發現不一樣的“美” ············································· 195
（三）藥物研發：我是“藥神” ······················································ 196
（四）助你一臂之力：康復機器人 ·················································· 197
（五）基因工具：預測“生老病死” ················································ 198
（六）養老界之星：護理機器人 ····················································· 199
四、展望未來：人工智能醫療技術的未來影響及挑戰 ······························ 201
（一）趨勢：人工智能醫療的新興領域 ············································ 201
（二）影響：人工智能會取代醫護人員嗎？ ······································ 202
（三）直面挑戰：推動智能醫療健康發展 ········································· 203
第九章 人工智能技術應用之七--教育 ··················································· 205
一、歷史由來：從“喬布斯之問”說起 ················································ 206
（一）教育的改變：為什么那么難？ ··············································· 206
（二）教育的變革：不是因為人工智能的到來才開始 ·························· 207
（三）教育的變與不變 ································································· 208
二、人工智能與教育：概念、沖擊與變革 ············································· 210
（一）怎么有這么多“教育XX”和“XX 教育”？ ···························· 210
（二）人工智能對教育可能的沖擊 ·················································· 212
（三）人工智能時代的教育變革 ····················································· 215
三、關注當下：人工智能在教育中的應用場景 ······································· 217
（一）教學中的應用場景：VR/AR 教學與教育機器人 ························· 218
（二）學習中的應用場景：智能導學、自適應學習與拍照搜題 ·············· 220
（三）教學評價中的應用場景：學習分析與自動化測評 ······················· 222
（四）學校管理中的應用場景：分層排課與學情監測 ·························· 223
（五）學習環境的智能化改變：智慧校園和智慧教室 ·························· 225
四、展望未來：孔子的教育理想能實現嗎？ ·········································· 226
（一）因材施教和個性化教育時代的到來 ········································· 226
（二）未來的教育可能是這樣的 ····················································· 227
（三）人工智能讓教育回歸本質：實現人的全面發展 ·························· 234
第十章 人工智能技術應用之八--娛樂生活 ·············································· 236
一、理清思緒：光影流轉，娛樂變遷 ··················································· 237
（一）娛樂，點中人性的“死穴” ··················································· 237
（二）缺少娛樂的世界會如何？ ····················································· 241
（三）草根網紅的崛起 ································································· 242
二、人工智能與娛樂：重構娛樂產業生態圈 ·········································· 242
（一）娛樂“強檔”背后的故事 ····················································· 243
（二）超級粉絲群體分析 ······························································ 244
（三）超級IP 生產體系化 ····························································· 244
（四）人工智能如何賦能娛樂？ ····················································· 246
三、關注當下：AI 賦能，人機共娛 ····················································· 246
（一）人機共育：打破次元壁，讓孩子走進童話故事 ·························· 246
（二）人機共產：花椒直播 ··························································· 247
（三）人機共選：AI 選女之必然 ···················································· 249
（四）人機共譜：AI 作曲 ····························································· 249
（五）人機共制：AI 制作預告片 ···················································· 251
第十一章 人工智能技術應用之九--家居 ················································ 252
一、歷史由來：人類居住環境的變遷 ··················································· 253
（一）傳統的家居環境 ································································· 253
（二）家居環境的自動化 ······························································ 254
（三）家居環境的智能化 ······························································ 256
（四）智能家居進入中國 ······························································ 256
二、人工智能與家居：智能家居的概念、結構與功能 ······························ 257
（一）智能家居概念與人工智能 ····················································· 257
（二）智能家居發展的三個階段 ····················································· 259
（三）智能家居的組成與工作原理 ·················································· 261
（四）智能家居的功能和特點 ························································ 263
三、關注當下：人工智能在家居中的應用場景 ······································· 264
（一）人工智能服務機器人進入家庭 ··············································· 264
（二）人工智能家電產品越來越多 ·················································· 265
（三）人工智能的家居控制管理平臺 ··············································· 266
（四）人工智能助力家庭安全與健康 ··············································· 267
（五）人工智能推動家居綠色環保 ·················································· 267
四、展望未來：智能家居的未來發展趨勢 ············································· 268
（一）智能家居的市場發展趨勢 ····················································· 268
（二）智能家居的技術發展趨勢 ····················································· 271
（三）智能家居的產品發展趨勢 ····················································· 275
第十二章 人工智能倫理規范 ·································································· 279
一、角色變化：人工智能的三種角色 ··················································· 279
（一）過去：人工智能只在電影中吸引人類目光 ································ 279
（二）現在：人工智能在部分領域可替代人類 ··································· 280
（三）未來：人工智能或在奇點之后領導人類 ··································· 283
二、危機所在：人工智能的危險 ························································· 285
（一）人工智能改變戰爭形態 ························································ 285
（二）人工智能最小化道德責任 ····················································· 286
（三）人類應審慎對待人工智能的安全性 ········································· 287
三、倫理規范：人工智能倫理法則 ······················································ 288
（一）阿西莫夫“機器人三定律” ··················································· 288
（二）機器人新定律 ···································································· 289
（三）阿西洛馬人工智能23 條原則 ················································ 291
（四）行業領袖提出的人工智能倫理準則 ········································· 292
四、立法問題：人工智能倫理研究與立法 ············································· 293
（一）未來的命運取決于人類自己 ·················································· 293
（二）人工智能倫理問題的研究 ····················································· 294
（三）人工智能倫理規范的立法 ····················································· 296
附錄 人工智能發展史上的大事件 ···························································· 300
參考文獻······························································································ 313
編后記································································································· 327
主編信息
魯昕，女，漢族，1955年7月生，遼寧撫順人，1985年6月入黨，1971年參加工作，1994年財政部財政科學研究所財政專業畢業，研究生學歷，博士學位。2009年4月至2015年12月，任教育部副部長、黨組成員。2015年12月中央新疆工作協調小組辦公室副主任。十三屆全國政協民族和宗教委員會委員，全國中等職業教育教學改革創新指導委員會主任委員。中國共產黨第十六次全國代表大會代表，中國婦女第九、十次全國代表大會代表。
